What Was the U.S. Second Party System

The Second Party System is the term used by historians and political scientists to refer to the framework that dominated politics in the United States from about 1837 to 1852. Spurred by the presidential election of 1828, the Second Party System represented a shift toward greater public interest in politics. More people voted on Election Day, political rallies became common, newspapers supported different candidates, and Americans became loyal to any of a growing number of political parties. Key Takeaways: The Second Party System The Second Party System is a term used by historians and political scientists to refer to the political framework existing in the United States from about 1828 to 1854.Following the 1828 presidential election, the Second Party System spurred increasing levels of voter interest and participation in the political process.The Second Party System is the first and only party system in which the two major parties competed on relatively equal footing in every region of the nation.The Second Party System reflected and shaped the American peoples’ political, social, economic, and cultural concerns until it was replaced by the Third Party System in the mid-1850s. Not only did it help increase the American peoples’ interest and participation in shaping their own government as intended by the Founders, the rise of the Second Party System also helped ease the sectional tensions that had led to the Civil War.   Supporters of the system’s two dominant parties—the Democrats and the Whigs—were divided along philosophical and socio-economic lines. While the Democratic Party was the party of the people, the Whig Party generally represented business and industrial interests. As a result, both parties shared the support of people in both the North and the South. History of the Second Party System The Second Party System replaced the First Party System, which existed from roughly 1792 to 1824. The First Party System featured only two national parties: the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, and Democratic-Republican Party founded by Anti-Federalist leaders Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The First Party System largely collapsed during the nation’s so-called â€Å"Era of Good Feelings,† a period immediately after the War of 1812 during which a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity left most Americans disinterested in the partisan differences between multiple political parties. Basically, Americans simply assumed that their elected leaders would govern them well and wisely, no matter which political party they belonged to. During his term in office from 1817 to 1825, President James Monroe epitomized the spirit of the Era of Good Feelings by trying to completely eliminate partisan parties from national politics. The dissolution of the Federalist Party during the era left the Democratic-Republican Party the â€Å"only party standing† as the First Party System ended with the tumultuous 1824 presidential election. The Rebirth of Multi-Party Politics In the 1824 election, there were  four main candidates:  Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford. All competed as Democratic-Republicans. When none of the candidates won the majority of Electoral College votes required to be elected president, the task of choosing the winner was left to the House of Representatives, where things really got complicated. Based on the Electoral College vote, Jackson, Adams, and Crawford were the final three candidates to be considered by the House. While Henry Clay was not one of the finalists, he was the current Speaker of the House, making it his job to negotiate which one of his three recent rivals would be elected president.  Andrew Jackson had won both the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but the House elected John Quincy Adams president instead. So grateful was Adams for the victory that he chose Clay to be his Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson vocally declared the election a â€Å"corrupt bargain.† As a hero of both the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812, Jackson was one of the nation’s most popular politicians. With the support of the public and local militia leaders, he created the Democratic Party. Then, with the help of his most influential supporter, Martin Van Buren, Jackson and his new Democratic Party ousted incumbent president Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams in the presidential election of 1828. As president, Jackson named Van Buren his Secretary of State, and later as his Vice President. Sensing the growing trend of Americans to align with easily identifiable political parties, the Democratic-Republican Party, along with its leaders, John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, recreated itself as the National Republican Party. Jackson’s War on Banks Solidifies the Second Party System If the 1828 election had not been enough to solidify the peoples’ interest in the spirit of the Second Party System, President Jackson’s war on banks did. Jackson, who had always hated banks, condemned paper money and argued that only gold and silver should circulate. Jackson’s first target, the federally-chartered Second Bank of the United States, operated much like a central bank similar to today’s Federal Reserve System banks. After his banking policies forced the closure of the Second Bank of the United States, Jackson turned against all federally-sanctioned banks. During Jackson’s first term, the Nullification Crisis of 1832 controversially weakened the powers of the states by upholding costly federal tariffs—taxes—imposed on crops and grown in the Southern States. Anger over Jackson’s policies gave rise to the Whig Party. The Whigs were made up mainly of bankers, economic modernizers, businessmen, commercial farmers, and Southern plantation owners, angered at Jackson’s war on banking and his role in the Nullification Crisis. Along with the Democratic and Whig parties, several minor political parties evolved during the Second Party era. These included the innovative Anti-Masonic Party, the abolitionist Liberty Party, and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party. By the mid-1850s the Second Party System would be supplanted by what historians consider the Third Party System, which lasted until about 1900. Dominated by the new Republican Party, the era featured heated debates on issues such as American nationalism, industrial modernization, workers’ rights, and racial equality. The Legacyof the Second Party System The Second Party System aroused a new and healthy interest in government and politics among the American people. As the nation underwent democratization, participation in the political process played a central role in Americans’ lives for the first time since the Revolutionary War.   Prior to the Second Party System, most voters were content to defer to the assumed wisdom of upper-class elite, allowing them to choose their leaders for them. People rarely voted or became engaged because politics seemed unimportant to them. However, the public’s indifference ended  following the 1828 presidential election and the controversies that arose during the Andrew Jackson administration. By 1840, elections at all levels of American government featured appeals to the â€Å"common man,† massive rallies, parades, celebrations, intense enthusiasm, and most importantly, high voter turnout. Today, the legacy of the Second Party System and its reawakening  of public interest in political participation can be seen in the enactment of sweeping social policy such as women’s suffrage, voting rights laws, and civil rights legislation. Sources Blau, Joseph L. ed. Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825-1850 (1947).Ashworth, John. Agrarians aristocrats: Party political ideology in the United States, 1837-1846 (1983)Hammond, J. D., History of Political Parties in the State of New York (2 vols., Albany, 1842).Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). The American Whigs: An Anthology. Online edition

Dreaming from Various Sources - 1456 Words

The objective of this paper is to explore many articles covering the purpose of dreaming from various sources. The articles, however, may vary from researcher to researcher. As such, this paper will also detail the different theories about the usefulness of dreams. This paper will also take time to explain what a dream is, when dreams happen, and what their potential purposes may be. To start this paper, we first must understand what a dream is. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a dream is a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep. Dreams take the things we see during our waking hours and translate them into unique, sometimes horrifying, and possibly meaningful ways. Dreams could also be representations of subconscious feelings and desires, bubbling up from deep within our psyche. However, the actual purpose of dreams remains a mystery, even to todays foremost experts on this subject. Sigmund Freud attempted to understand what dreams meant; he though t that dreams were safeguards attempt deeper and darker desires from the human minds id. Decades later, scientist John Allan Hobson theorized that dreams are a result of the brain attempting to interpret random electrical impulses within the brain, producing often elaborate and vivid details and plots while we sleep. Other research suggests that dreams are the brains unique way of organizing disparate information; a kind of nightly mental reformatting. The average Joe takes aShow MoreRelatedWakirlpirri Jukurrpa ( Snake Vine Dreaming ) By Liddy Walker Napanagka1436 Words   |  6 PagesWakirlpirri Jukurrpa (Snake Vine Dreaming) by Liddy Walker Napanagka Different Aboriginal groups have a common characteristic and that is that they have a similar belief system which is called the Ê »DreamingÊ ¼. The dreaming may be well known as a religious system but it does not always convey its true eminence. 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Global Poverty Trends and Global Trade Challenges Free Essays

Introduction Gilder (2012) defines poverty as a deprivation of basic human needs. These comprise of material and non-material needs that are required to facilitate a comfortable life. High levels of poverty lead to social exclusion, which limits the capability of individuals or groups to actively contribute towards community or national development as a result of limited resources (Nolan Whelan, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Global Poverty Trends and Global Trade Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several efforts have been made to increase the income of people across the globe to enable them afford basic needs. Most of the people that have affected by poverty are from developing countries in Africa, Asia, and South America (World Bank, 2013). There have also been efforts aimed at increasing the affordability of these basic items. Such efforts include placing subsidies on basic commodities, which have been successfully implemented in countries like Egypt (Reuters, 2013). Even with these efforts in place, there are several other factors that limit the success of these efforts, especially in developing countries (Alkire Foster, 2011). Some of these factors include corruption, brain drain of educated professionals and unequal price distribution, which often creates a wide gap between the rich and poor. According to statistics from the World Bank, a total population of 1.22 billion across the globe lived under the poverty line (spending $1.25 per day). Comparing this to 1990 whe re the statistics were at 1.91 billion living under the poverty line, an improvement has been made (World Bank, 2013). This is a clear indication of the effectiveness of strategies that have been implemented to fight poverty. This paper intends to present an in-depth discussion of poverty and transformations that have taken place within the past four decades. It also seeks to examine the social, political and economic challenges that result from global trade and inequality. Poverty and its Causes As mentioned in the previous section of this report, poverty is the deprivation of basic material and non-material needs. It is classified into absolute and relative poverty. The present-day absolute poverty line has been set by the Word Bank at $1.5 and $2.5 a day (Couch et al., 2010). Relative poverty is referred to as an estimate of inequalities in income. It is usually calculated as the percentage of people that live below a certain income median (Couch et al., 2010). Given that economic conditions vary from one country to another, the causes of poverty in different countries also differ. Pointers of poverty include unemployment, homelessness, famine, poor sanitation, high infant mortality rates and illiteracy (Gilder, 2012). With reference to developing countries, one of the key causes is the rapid increase in population. A good example of this is India, where the annual population increase for the last 45 years has been at an average of 2.2% (Karuna, 2012). This translates to a n addition of 17 million people annually, which causes a strain on the available resources, making it difficult to sufficiently cater for their basic needs. Governments have the responsibility of ensuring that the livelihoods of their citizens are improved. However, vices, such as corruption, limit the possibility of attaining the poverty reduction objectives. According to (Johnston, 2009), corruption diverts, distorts and delays growth in economy. As a result of corruption, the elite or wealthy in the country continue progressing while the poor or less privileged plunge deeper into poverty. The poor are also denied access to health, education and other social services that are needed to empower them to effectively contribute towards national building (Fisman Miguel, 2008). Illiteracy also contributes towards an increase in poverty because it limits the capability of individuals to be innovative or entrepreneurial, resulting in an overdependence on natural resources or foreign ai d (Teal, 2011). Other factors that contribute to the poverty statistics include unemployment, inflation, lack of capital to support entrepreneurship and a general lack effective policies that are meant to eliminate poverty. Khan and Bashir (2012) argue that poverty is a complicated phenomenon, which makes it quite challenging to exhaustively explain its causes. Some of the theorists in this field, such as Furnham and Gunter (1984) are of the view that people who are prone to poverty are those who have little or no regard for the future. Instead, they use up their resources to â€Å"live for the moment† (Andersen Taylor, 2007). Other theorists argue that the poor have feelings of inferiority, hopelessness and powerlessness, which are passed on from generation to generation. As a result, it becomes difficult for their economic predicaments to be solved. Whilst these views are based on the notion that the poor have themselves to blame for their situations, other are of the view that among the poor, there are those who have the will to work hard if they are given the chance. However, they are limited by their inability to access education that is a prerequisite for obtaining well-paying jobs (Gilde r, 2012). Poverty Trends over the last 40 years Even though it is challenging to get accurate statistics on the actual changes that have taken place in poverty statistics over the last ten decades, a general improvement has been recorded in poverty eradication efforts (World Bank, 2013). In a report by the UN that explored poverty trends between 1981 and 2005, the findings indicated that even though the developing world still has the highest poverty levels, there has been a significant reduction in the severity and depth of extreme poverty, 0.5 billion less people living under the poverty line in 2005 than in 1981 (United Nations, 2010). This is arguably a positive move, given that these are the regions that record the highest levels of population growth. One of the factors that are responsible for these trends is expansion in the global economy, which has resulted in higher average per capita income levels, both in developing ad developed nations (Collier Dollar, 2002). Comparing the current income with the 1960s, there has been an average growth in GDP levels at an average annual rate of 4.1%, while the high and middle income countries have had their GDPs increase by averages of 3.2% and 4.2% per annum respectively. The chart below represents the global poverty trends between 1981 and 2005 (United Nations, 2010). Despite the improvements indicated in Fig. 1 above, a projected increase in populations of developing countries points out the necessity of their governing bodies to ensure that they formulate appropriate policies that will ensure sustenance in economic growth (World Bank, 2012). This is a prerequisite for poverty eradication. Even though it is a general view of the majority that poverty affects developing countries, developed nations are also directly affected by it. For instance, the United States of America has a total population of 46 million living in poverty (Povertyusa.org, 2013). Unlike the general poverty line that is set for the global statistics, a family of four with an annual income of less than the set threshold of $23,050 can be referred to as living in poverty (HHS, 2012). In the UK, the threshold is at ?100 per week for an adult, ?183 per week for a household with two adults and ?268 for a household of four, which comprises of two adults and two children (Clay et al. , 2012). Poverty trends within the past few decades also indicate the notable differences in economic growth in different countries. For instance, between 1999 and 2005, there was a significant general decline in the population living on under $1.25 a day (United Nations, 2010). However, the highest decline occurred in the Pacific and East Asia, which were then characterized by explosive growths in the economy and improved living standards, especially in China. The chart below represents the trends of people living under $1.25 a day in different world regions (United Nations, 2010). From the trends on the chart above, it is evident that while the overall number of people living below $1.25 a day is reducing, Sub-Saharan African countries are among those facing challenges in attaining this poverty reduction goal. On the other hand, countries from East Asia and the Pacific are among those that have managed to register a significant reduction of the number of people living below this poverty line (United Nations, 2010).The Effects of Poverty on Business There are several effects that poverty has on the business environment. The most direct impact of poverty on business is that there is a minimal potential of growth. This is especially the case for businesses that deal in products or services that are not basic. The reason for this is that the majority of the target market lacks the disposable income to purchase products out of their basic needs. This explains the concentration of businesses in urban centres, where the average income is usually the highest. One of the main outcomes of poverty is crime, where the poor engage in different criminal activities to get themselves out of poverty. Some of the main crimes include robbery and corruption. According to kipo, any crime that results from poverty has a significantly adverse impact on business. For instance, violent robbery scares potential clients and a result, limits the levels sales. In addition to the potential reduction of business sales, businesses are also at a risk of losing their revenue to insecurity. From the findings presented in fig. 2 above that indicate a drop in the levels of poverty, it can be inferred that the consequences for the business environment is also positive. This is exhibited by the overall growth in the number of businesses across the world. Challenges Arising from International Trade and Global Inequality As globalization gradually increases in the present-day business environment, there are different opportunities and challenges that are presented as a result of this (Bigman, 2002). Some of the opportunities that globalization has presented include elimination of national barriers to facilitate trade between nations and increased foreign direct investments in developing and emerging economies to capture the available market opportunities (Foskett Maringe, 2010). This has also contributed to an overall increase in the average per-capita income across the world. However, with these opportunities come underlying challenges that mainly result from global inequalities and international trade (Apple, 2013). The implications that the international trade and global inequality have on business are discussed in this section. Social Challenges As the effects of globalization continue to be felt across the world, one of the key challenges that occur as a result of this is brain drain. Often referred to as capital flight, this is the movement or immigration or people with high levels of skills, knowledge and intelligence from a particular country to another (Agrawal et al., 2011). This mainly affects developing countries, where their academic elite immigrate to developing nations in pursuance of better opportunities. Even though it can be argued as a positive move for the individuals who are moving out, the cumulative impact on the home nation is adverse (Docquier Rapoport, 2012). The World Bank estimates that by 1990, the human capital that had moved from Africa to other developed countries could be equated to 40% of its wealth (approximately $360 billion) (Ndulu, 2004). Developing countries are usually characterized by capital scarcity and therefore, further loss of this scarce resource to developed countries undermines the sustainability and development potentials of these developing nations. Professionals that move to developed countries could otherwise positively contribute towards the long-term improvement of the business and socio-economic statuses of these countries. However, their moves can be justified because of the limited opportunities presented in the developing countries (Agrawal et al., 2011). Another challenge lies in the diversity of cultures, religions and other social frameworks (Collier Dollar, 2002). Globalization has been characterized by increased diversities that have brought about tensions in several business aspects, especially human resource management (Docquier Rapoport, 2012). Currently, one of the most sensitive challenges in human resource management is cultural diversity. Thus, it is vital for human resource managers to ensure that the business environment is balanced enough to accommodate people from different economic backgrounds (Crane Matten, 2004). Other soci al challenges include racial discrimination, human trafficking and threatening of family units as members move into other nations in search of better lives. Global inequality can also refer to the unequal distribution of professional or entrepreneurial skills across the globe. The effect of this on business is that it makes it difficult for businesses operating in some regions to get employees with the desired skills locally. As a result of this, companies spend more money either training employees or hiring expatriates from other countries. Economic Challenges The inequalities that exist in different nations also pose economic challenges on the countries, their citizens and companies that invest in those countries (Nolan Whelan, 2010). One of the economic challenges is because of the different currencies that are used in different countries across the world. Fluctuations in these currency exchange rates have a wide range of repercussions on the company revenues (Bigman, 2002). Global trade has also resulted in the rise of new international powers, commonly referred to as emerging economies. These include Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICS) (Collier Dollar, 2002). Whilst this can be considered as a move in the right direction for these economies, the fact that they are recording faster economic growth rates that other economies has an effect on the international trade structures, the flow of human capital and natural resource-consumption patterns (Bigman, 2002). Another economic challenge is brought about by the inequalities in income levels of different countries, which may cause multinationals to take advantage of this to pay workers in developing countries poorly and overwork them as they seek cheap labour (Collier Dollar, 2002). An example of this was highlighted by (Chamberlain, 2011) that in South China, workers at Apple work for excessive hours to meet the international demands of the company’s products. Foxconn is also another example of companies that provide workers, especially in developing countries with draconian working conditions, which occasionally lead to employee suicides (Chamberlain, 2011). Political Challenges Political challenges that affect global trade comprise of those that are outside the control of governments and those perpetrated by the government or the political elite (Henry Springborg, 2010). One of the challenges is created by governments is corruption, especially in developing countries. Countries that are known to be corrupt often have political leaders who require favours from companies in form of bribes or job positions before being allowed to operate smoothly (Reuters, 2013). One key disadvantage of this is that companies that stick to their ethical codes of conduct may either be denied investment opportunities or may have their operations disrupted by rogue government officials. This results into an imbalanced competitive environment in favour of corrupt businesses. Some of the most corrupt countries in the world are North Korea, Libya, Iraq, Syria and Somalia, which are all developing countries (Reuters, 2013). High tax tariffs and interest rates on loans are also polit ical challenges that increase capital expenditures of investors and a result, reduce their profit margins (McGrew, 2000). Political challenges that are caused by factors out of the government’s influence include revolutions, wars, strikes and terrorism (Campante Chor, 2012). One of the most recent events that paused challenges to businesses in Arab countries was the Arab spring that started in 2010, which affected many Arab countries in Northern Africa and the Middle East (Willis, 2012). Others include constant terrorism activities that take place, perpetrated by extremist movements. For instance, Nigeria is among the countries that, regardless of the rich oil reserves that they have, are accustomed to high levels of corruption, and terrorism. As a result if this, large oil companies like Agip, Shell and Mobil have had challenges operating in the country (Shah, 2014). Conclusion There are several definitions of poverty that have been given by different researchers. However, as earlier presented in the paper, it is a complicated issue whose causes cannot be exhaustively established. This paper has provided an overview of the global poverty by providing an in-depth definition of absolute and relative poverty. It has also outlined some of the key causes of poverty across the globe. Global poverty trends over the past few decades have also been discussed in this paper. Even though the trend indicates a reasonable decline in global poverty levels, some countries have not managed to eliminate poverty as much as others. Some of the countries that have effectively managed to reduce poverty significantly include those in East Asia and the Pacific. On the other hand, poverty still remains a challenge in several countries in regions like Sub Sahara Africa. With a high anticipated population growth by 2050 that is likely to increase the strain on available resources, go vernments ought to implement strategies that will contribute towards economic growth so as to sustain these growing populations. Whereas globalization has provided several opportunities for global business, it has also posed several social, political and economic challenges, especially due to the existent global inequality. Some of these challenges have also been discussed in this paper. Aspects that should be addressed in future research include the possible future global trends of poverty. References Agrawal, A., Kapur, D., McHale, J. Oettl, A., 2011. Brain drain or brain bankThe impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation. Journal of Urban Economics, 69(1), pp. 43-55. Alkire, S. Foster, J., 2011. Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7), pp.476-87. Andersen, M.L. Taylor, ?H.F., 2007. Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society, Updated: Understanding a Diverse Society. Mason: Cengage Learning. Apple, M.W., 2013. Thinking Internationally and Paying Our Debts: Critical Thoughts on Diversity, Globalization, and Education. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 49(3), pp.118-20. Bigman, D., 2002. Globalization and the Developing Countries: Emerging Strategies for Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation. Cambridge: CABI. Campante, F.R. Chor, D., 2012. Why was the Arab World Poised for RevolutionSchooling, Economic Opportunities, and the Arab Spring. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), pp.167-87. Chamberlain, G., 2011. Apple’s Chinese workers treated ‘inhumanely, like machines’. The Guardian, 30 April. Clay, S. et al., 2012. Family Resources Survey. London, UK: Office of National Statistics Department of Work and Pensions. Collier, P. Dollar, D?., 2002. Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank. Couch, K., Smeeding, T.M. Waldfogel, J., 2010. Fighting poverty: Attentive policy can make a huge difference. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), pp.401-07. Crane, A. Matten, D., 2004. Business ethics, a European perspective: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Docquier, F. Rapoport, H., 2012. Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), pp.681-730. Fisman, R. Miguel, E., 2008. Economic gangsters: corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Foskett, N. Maringe, ?F., 2010. Globalization and Internationalization in Higher Education: Theoretical, Strategic and Management. New York: Continuum. Furnham, A. Gunter, B., 1984. Just world beliefs and attitudes towards the poor. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23(3), pp.265-69. Gilder, G., 2012. Wealth and Poverty: A New Edition for the Twenty-first Century. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. Henry, C.M. Springborg, R., 2010. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. HHS, 2012. 2012 HHS Poverty Guidelines. [Online] Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/12poverty.shtml [Accessed 30 December 2013]. Johnston, M., 2009. Poverty and Corruption. Forbes, 22 January. Karuna, O., 2012. 10 main causes of Poverty in India. [Online] Available at: http://www.preservearticles.com/201107189264/what-are-the-main-causes-of-poverty-in-india.html [Accessed 30 December 2013]. Khan, R.E.A. Bashir, H.N., 2012. Trade, poverty and inequality nexus: the case of Pakistan. World Applied Science Journal, 18(5), pp.722-26. McGrew, A., 2000. Sustainable globalization?: the global politics of development and exclusion in the new world order. In Allen, T. A, T. Poverty and development into the 21st century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ndulu, B.J., 2004. Human Capital Flight: Stratification, Globalization, and the Challenges to Tertiary Education in Africa. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2(1), pp.57-91. Nolan, B. Whelan, C.T., 2010. Using non?monetary deprivation indicators to analyze poverty and social exclusion: Lessons from EuropeJournal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), pp.305-25. Povertyusa.org, 2013. More than 46 million Americans live in Poverty USA. [Online] Available at: http://www.povertyusa.org/ [Accessed 30 December 2013]. Reuters, 2013. Food price rises put restive Egypt on edge. Reuters, 13 March. Reuters, 2013. The 10 Most Corrupt and Least Corrupt Countries in the World. Reutersr, 3 December. Shah, A., 2014. Nigeria and Oil. [Online] Available at: http://www.globalissues.org/article/86/nigeria-and-oil [Accessed 6 January 2014]. Teal, F., 2011. The price of labour and understanding the causes of poverty. Labour Economics, 18, pp.7-15. United Nations, 2010. Report on the World Social Situation 2010: Rethinking Poverty. New York: United Nations United Nations. Willis, M.J., 2012. Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring. London: C. Hurst Co. World Bank, 2012. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank: Development Data Group. World Bank, 2013. Poverty Overview. [Online] Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview [Accessed 30 December 2013]. How to cite Global Poverty Trends and Global Trade Challenges, Essay examples

Taylor and Friedman

Question: Discuss about the Taylor and Friedman. Answer: The video Ford and Taylor scientific management opens with the story of Vulcan Motor Company Limited in the United Kingdom. The workers in the company manufactured cars using slow and unscientific ways that took weeks to manufacture cars. The production process was costly which added to the high cost of the cars. Only the rich people who could buy those costly cars and they were looked upon as status symbols. The founder of Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford was influenced by the scientific management of production methods of Fredrick Taylor(Ford.com 2017). He introduced the system of assembly line to manufacture cars. The cars passed from one point of the line to the next where the workers worked on them. Henry Ford believed that vertical integration of assembly would bring about faster and innovative integration of several parts (Argyres and Mostafa 2016). He prevented all sorts of trade union interference to ensure uninterrupted production and efficient management of the employees. Th e workers faced problems while working on the newly introduced automatic production system and some of them left the job. Henry Ford in order to motivate the employees and to ensure smooth production increased the wages. This scientific management proposed by Taylor and adopted by Ford spread into the other automobile companies. It became famous even in the European countries like Germany and led to foundation of systems like Diversified Quality Production or DQP (Sorge and Streeck 2016). The scientific management at Fords also found mention when David Moore, a Ford Foundry worker was interviewed. Section 2: The workers in Australia, Europe and America should adopt Taylorism and Fords style of working. Today every organisation has to compete with strong competitors which demands them to produce goods in high numbers and at cheaper costs. Taylorism stresses on scientific management of the resources like human resources and machinery. Even today there are millions of manufacturers in Europe, Australia and America who work in the small scale industry. These industries produce goods using manual labour (Uhl 2016). Application of Taylorism will help these factories to increase their production which will increase the efficiency of the workers. Taylorism is applied in the scripts of the call centres all over the world. The scripts are designed to adapt to needs of the customer on the other side of the line. The script may be digital or be in a hard copy. The scripts contain questions which the telephonic callers use to communicate with the consumer using computer or telephone lines. The process is systematically controlled and the calls are distributed automatically. The video tells stories which are aged around hundreds of years back and today most consider the Fords techniques outdated. This may be true for the multinational companies which keeping on innovating their production processes. However, there are many poor countries use unscientific methods of production. For example, the construction industries in the poor countries of South Asia lack modern technology used in the developed economy in civil construction. These construction processes in these countries should adopt Taylorism to increase to increase the pace of production (Amjad et al. 2015). They should also scientifically manage their resources and labour to ensure that the production can be done within shorter time. This will increase the efficiency, production and economies of scale which will lead of increase in GDP. Week 2 Activity 1: Section 1: Thomas Friedman in his first oration spoke about three eras of globalisation and their effects on the world. The first era was about global arbitrage and shrank the world from large to medium. The second was characterised by colonisation of various parts of the world by industrialized nations like Britain and Spain. This colonisation made the size of the appear even smaller. The next stage of globalisation led to companies exploring new markets and spreading their operations into other countries. The final stage of globalisation is the empowerment of individual to communicate with the world and carry out transactions. The second oration has the orator and friend discover environment friendly dishes in Peru which the latter promoted and sold in China. Section 2: As Friedman described in his oration that the world has become flat due to globalisation where today individuals have the power to communicate and transact with the world. He also said that if something has to be done will be done because people have to do what they want to do. His speech can also be interpreted that the radical powers like terrorism has gained considerable power using science and technology to operate around the world (Lutz and Lutz 2014). Friedmans iron rule of the flat world suggests that today world business education and drive towards entrepreneurship has empowered the companies to explore new strategic areas of innovation and improvement (Cairns 2014). The level of globalisation is not uniform across the world which is evident from the varying level of advancements and developments in various countries. Some countries like the United States are developed while countries like India and China are future economic giants sharing markets and resources for mutual developments. For example, Ford is an American automobile company which caters to India and even has an India subsidiary in the country (Ford India 2017). There are poor countries like Ethiopia and Nepal who are extremely underdeveloped and are dependent on the richer countries even to meet their basic requirements (Global Finance Magazine 2017). (Appendix 1) Conclusion: The study of the two activities reveals two very important aspects of the flat world. The first aspect is that Taylorism which was adopted by Ford in his factory was responsible for bringing about revolution in the automobile industry around the world. The application may seem outmoded to the multinational companies but there are several factories where Taylorism can be applied to revolutionise their production. The second lesson is that individuals have great responsibility in todays era of globalisation. References: Amjad, R., Chandrasiri, S., Nathan, D., Raihan, S., Verick, S. and Yusuf, A., 2015. What holds back manufacturing in South Asia.Economic and Political Weekly,50(10), pp.36-45. Argyres, N. and Mostafa, R., 2016. Knowledge inheritance, vertical integration, and entrant survival in the early US auto industry.Academy of Management Journal,59(4), pp.1474-1492. Cairns, J., 2014. Contextual disparities in pro-life positions. Ford India. 2017. Home. [online] Available at: https://www.india.ford.com/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2017]. Ford.com. 2017. Ford Dealers | Locate a Ford Dealer Near You | Ford.com. [online] Available at: https://www.ford.com/dealerships/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2017]. Global Finance Magazine. 2017. Global Finance Magazine - The Poorest Countries in the World. [online] Available at: https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/the-poorest-countries-in-the-world?page=12 [Accessed 13 Apr. 2017]. Lutz, B.J. and Lutz, J.M., 2014. Economic, social and political globalization and terrorism.The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies,39(2), p.186. Pepsico.com. 2017. PepsiCo's Global Websites. [online] Available at: https://www.pepsico.com/Home/GlobalSites [Accessed 13 Apr. 2017]. Sorge, A. and Streeck, W., 2016.Diversified quality production revisited the transformation of production systems and regulatory regimes in Germany(No. 16/13). MPIfG Discussion Paper. Uhl, K., 2016. Work Spaces: From the Early-Modern Workshop to the Modern Factory Workshop and Factory.