The Balkan Troubles Essays - Balkan Wars, Ottoman Empire

The Balkan Troubles I. Introduction Print section Balkan Wars, two consecutive wars fought from 1912 to 1913 among the countries of the Balkan Peninsula for possession of European territories held by the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan Wars severely damaged European alliances and helped kindle the volatile conditions that led to the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918). II. Background Print section At the close of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Treaty of Berlin, signed on July 13, 1878, provided for an autonomous principality of Bulgaria. The remaining Bulgarian province, called Eastern Rumelia, was placed under the control of the Ottoman Turks. In 1885 a revolution broke out in Eastern Rumelia, and the province was joined to Bulgaria proper. That voluntary annexation led to trouble with Russia. The tsar withdrew all Russian officers then serving in the Bulgarian army, and King Milan of Serbia thought it a good time to realize his territorial aspirations. On November 14, 1885, Serbia declared war on Bulgaria. In a campaign that lasted less than five months, Serbia was defeated but was saved from absolute destruction by the intervention of Austria. A series of conspiracies followed. The Bulgarian ruler, Prince Alexander I of Battenberg, was abducted by Russian and Bulgarian conspirators but was recaptured in a few days. He was forced to abdicate and left the country in September 1886. Prince Ferdinand I of the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha succeeded Alexander as ruler a year later. Austria played a conspicuous role in these Balkan disturbances. The Austrian foreign ministers tried to establish internal discord between the Slav countries (Bulgaria and Serbia) and the non-Slav ones (Greece and Romania). War almost broke out again in 1908 when Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, a step bitterly resented by Serbia. III. First Balkan War Print section The Balkan states saw in the Turkish revolution of 1908-1909 and the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912 an opportunity to retaliate against the Turks, their former oppressors. In March 1912, Serbia arranged a treaty of alliance with Bulgaria. Greece concluded a military convention with Bulgaria the following May. Tension increased steadily in the Balkan Peninsula during the summer of 1912, especially after August 14, when Bulgaria dispatched a note to the Turks demanding that Macedonia, then a Turkish province, be granted autonomy. The Balkan states began to mobilize on September 30, and eight days later Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire. On October 18 the Balkan allies entered the war on the side of Montenegro, precipitating the First Balkan War. The Balkan Alliance won a series of decisive victories over the Turks during the next two months, forcing them to relinquish Albania, Macedonia, and practically all their other holdings in southeast Europe. Late in November the Turk s sued for an armistice. An armistice agreement was signed on December 3 by all the Balkan allies except Greece, which continued military operations against the Turks. Later in the month, representatives of the belligerents and the major European powers met in London to decide the Balkan question. The Turks rejected the peace conditions demanded by the Balkan states, and the conference ended in failure on January 6, 1913. On January 23, a successful coup d'?tat brought an extreme nationalist grouping to power in the Ottoman Empire, and within a week fighting resumed. In the subsequent fighting Greece captured Io?nnina, Albania, and Adrianople (now Edirne, Turkey) fell to Bulgaria. The Turks obtained an armistice with Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia on April 19, 1913. Montenegro accepted the armistice a few days later. Another peace conference, with the major European powers again acting as mediators, met at London on May 20. By the terms of the Treaty of London, concluded on May 30, the Turks ceded the island of Crete (Kr?ti) to Greece and relinquished all territories in Europe west of a line between the Black Sea port of Midye and Enez, a town on the coast of the Aegean Sea. Boundary questions and the status of Albania and the Aegean Islands were referred to an international commission. IV. Second Balkan War Print section The Treaty of London created friction among the Balkan allies, especially between Serbia and Bulgaria. Among the causes of the friction was the Bulgarian refusal to recognize the Serbian claim to certain Bulgarian-held portions of Macedonia. In addition, Serbia was resentful

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students Time management is probably one of the most important skills for surviving and thriving in college - and in life. Its a wonder more schools dont include it as a class for freshmen. Juggling classes, labs, study time, work, exercise, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, parties, and sleep is a major challenge. These tips will help you create an organized life so you can succeed at everything you do! 1. Use a Planner Whether its an app or a plain old spiral notebook, a planner is essential for keeping track of your schedule. Dont make the mistake of telling yourself youll remember it all. Use only one system, and write down everything - including time to sleep and time to play! 2. Determine Your Priorities Speaking of sleep and play, some people need more of some activities than others. Effective time management depends on your bodys needs, your personal values, and your ability to prioritize. If you can get by on six hours of sleep, thats great. But if you know you need at least eight hours in order to function, dont even pretend that six will work. 3. Go to Class First of all, youre probably paying top dollar for those classes. Second, trying to make up for what you have missed almost always takes longer than the actual class would have. Borrowing notes and doubling up on assignments is a pain. So save yourself time and trouble and go. Go in your pajamas and shades if you have to. Just show up. And some instructors give attendance points, so why not maximize your grade just by breathing in the right room? 4. If At First You Dont Succeed†¦ If you try using a planner and it doesnt work for you, dont give up. Try something else. The cold, hard truth of modern adult life is that you have to get in the habit of scheduling your day. Theres just too much going on to wing it without missing something. Find the system that works for you. It doesnt have to be the hottest thing on the market. You might do better by downgrading your system to something simpler. 5. Leave Some Room Remember that you need time to commute between activities, use the bathroom, grab a drink, and so forth. Dont sandwich things so tightly that you have no room to breathe. Include time cushions between appointments as much as you can. Youll also want to block out large chunks of free time to accommodate those unexpected things, such as a midnight fast-food run or Game of Thrones or True Detective marathon. 6. Just Say No You cant do it all and expect to get good grades and graduate on time. Once in a while, youre going to have to turn down a party in favor of sleep, or a workout in favor of extra study time. Remember those priorities we talked about earlier? Write them down if you have to. Number them in order of importance. Then, when faced with two choices, youll easily know what to do. You may not always make the best choice, but most of the time, youll be able to stick to your guns. 7. Plan for Next Semester You can try to arrange next semesters class schedule to suit you better. If you spent most of the current semester hitting Snooze or skipping those 8 a.m. classes, do everything you can to avoid early morning courses. And if you ended up with weird chunks of time between classes that were too short to do anything productive, try to schedule next semesters courses back to back. Get them all out of the way, and then youll be left with larger chunks of time that are more flexible for your needs. Tell your advisor about your priorities, and he or she can help you work out an ideal class plan. Time management doesnt have to be a drag. Once you go through this list and get in the habit of planning, it will become second nature. And youre sure to see an improvement in your grades and your overall quality of life.

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830 By definition, an electric vehicle, or EV, will use an electric motor for propulsion rather than a gasoline-powered motor. Besides the electric car, there are bikes, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains that have all been powered by electricity. Beginnings Who invented the very first EV is uncertain, as several inventors have been given credit. In 1828, Hungarian nyos Jedlik invented a small-scale model car powered by an electric motor that he designed. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric-powered carriage. In 1835, another small-scale electric car was designed by Professor Stratingh of Groningen, Holland, and built by his assistant Christopher Becker. In 1835, Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Brandon, Vermont, built a small-scale electric car. Davenport was also the inventor of the first American-built DC electric motor. Better Batteries More practical and more successful electric road vehicles were invented by both Thomas Davenport and Scotsman Robert Davidson around 1842. Both inventors were the first to use the newly-invented, non-rechargeable electric cells (or batteries). Frenchman Gaston Plante invented a better storage battery in 1865 and his fellow countrymen Camille Faure further improved the storage battery in 1881. Better-capacity storage batteries were needed for electric vehicles to become practical. American Designs In the late 1800s, France and Great Britain were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles. In 1899, a Belgian-built electric racing car called La Jamais Contente set a world record for land speed of 68 mph. It was designed by Camille Jà ©natzy. It was not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to electric vehicles after an electric tricycle was built by A. L. Ryker and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon, both in 1891. Many innovations followed, and interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In fact, William Morrisons design, which had room for passengers, is often considered the first real and practical EV. In 1897, the first commercial EV application was established: a fleet of New York City taxis built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon Company of Philadelphia. Increased Popularity By the turn of the century, America was prosperous. Cars, now available in steam, electric, or gasoline versions, were becoming more popular. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America,  as they outsold all other types of cars. One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. Later in 1916, Woods invented a hybrid car that had both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline-powered cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving. Electric vehicles did not require gear changes. While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water, compared to an electric cars range on a single charge. The only good roads of the period were in town, which meant that most commutes were local, a perfect situation for electric vehicles since their range was limited. The electric vehicle was the preferred choice of many because it did not require manual effort to start, as with the hand crank on gasoline vehicles,  and there was no wrestling with a gear shifter. While basic electric cars cost under $1,000, most early electric vehicles were ornate, massive carriages designed for the upper class. They had fancy interiors made with expensive materials and averaged $3,000 by 1910. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s, with production peaking in 1912. Electric Cars Almost Become Extinct For the following reasons, the electric car declined in popularity. It was several decades before there was a renewed interest in these vehicles. By the 1920s, America had a better system of roads that connected cities, bringing with it the need for longer-range vehicles.The discovery of Texas crude oil reduced the price of gasoline so that it was affordable to the average consumer.The invention of the electric starter by  Charles Kettering  in 1912 eliminated the need for the hand crank.The initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by  Henry Ford  made these vehicles widely available and affordable, in the $500 to $1,000 price range. By contrast, the price of the less efficiently-produced electric vehicles continued to rise. In 1912, an electric roadster sold for $1,750, while a gasoline car sold for $650. Electric vehicles had all but disappeared by 1935. The years following until the 1960s were dead years for electric vehicle development and for their use as personal transportation. The Return The  60s  and  70s  saw a need for  alternative-fueled  vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles occurred after 1960. Battronic Truck Company In the early 60s, the Boyertown Auto Body Works jointly formed the Battronic Truck Company with Smith Delivery Vehicles, Ltd., of England and the Exide Division of the Electric Battery Company. The first Battronic electric truck was delivered to the Potomac Edison Company in 1964. This truck was capable of speeds of 25 mph, a range of 62 miles and a payload of 2,500 pounds. Battronic worked with General Electric from 1973 to 1983 to produce 175 utility vans for use in the utility industry and to demonstrate the capabilities of battery-powered vehicles. Battronic also developed and produced about 20 passenger buses in the mid-1970s. CitiCars and Elcar Two companies were leaders in electric car production during this time. Sebring-Vanguard produced over 2,000 CitiCars. These cars had a top speed of 44 mph, a normal cruise speed of 38 mph and a range of 50 to 60 miles. The other company was Elcar Corporation, which produced the Elcar. The Elcar had a top speed of 45 mph, a range of 60 miles and cost between $4,000 and $4,500. United States Postal Service In 1975, the United States Postal Service purchased 350 electric delivery jeeps from the American Motor Company to be used in a test program. These jeeps had a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 40 miles at a speed of 40 mph. Heating and defrosting were accomplished with a gas heater and the recharge time was ten hours.

What are the global implications of the internationalization of news Essay

What are the global implications of the internationalization of news - Essay Example This then implies that the history of news can be dated back to the first empires such as in Egypt and Ancient Rome. In Egypt, â€Å"pharaohs spread word of their decrees† that were written and spread by messengers back in 2400BC (Stephens, 2007, p.57). In Ancient Rome, news were conveyed by Julius Cesar who made government announcements that were curved on metal or stone tablets. However, this efficiency can be attributed to the already established oral spread of news established long before beginning of written communication. As years advanced agencies dealing mainly in conveying news through newspapers, audio media and later televised media, were established. These agencies have over the years evolved and spread their role across the borders amid competition to be the first to give new information. Internationalizing news has further been fueled by the need to give a wide variety of news thereby commanding greater audience. However, internationalization of news has promoted imperialism due to content control and use of media to advance selfish gains especially by media agencies from developed counties (Shah and Tajima 2012, p. 26). The internationalization of the news has led to the deterioration of news on a global scale. News outlets in different countries are focusing on gathering the most audience rather than focusing on reporting the news, as it should. The main implication this has is that people will become less interested in hard news stories that influence politics, economy, and public

Agreed-Upon Values that Are Lived by the Team in Twelve Angry Men Essay - 1

Agreed-Upon Values that Are Lived by the Team in Twelve Angry Men - Essay Example The team unanimously believes in this value and for that reason, it does share one aspect of a high performing team. It is expected that the team would perform well because all members agree that if the boy has committed the murder of his father, then he should be punished. However, the jury in order to punish the offender has to reach a unanimous decision. The vote of all the jurors should be either in favor or in disfavor of the death sentence. As a team, they need to reach one decision. Yes. The team does have a clear and attainable goal. The goal is to reach a vote where the tally is 9-0 and for this, they fight the entire story. For well-performing teams to function efficiently, they need to have the same vision and goal. While the vision of the team is the same and that is to reach the right decision. However, the team it seems is prejudiced from the beginning. Were it not for the case of reasonable doubt raised by Juror 8, the whole team would have reached the wrong decision. Hence the conflict raised by Juror 8 allowed the team to perform their duty with more responsibility and care. Otherwise, they would have reached the conclusion of awarding the boy a death sentence based on his background. The team does not have the skills and willingness to deal with the situation. They were ordinary members of the society and they have probably never given jury duty before. Most of them are also not willing to deal with the conflict. They want to reach the verdict as soon as possible because they want to resume their own normal life after the verdict. Because of the conflict created by Juror 8, the team members are quite willing to speak their mind. They openly criticize each other and at one point they even resort to personal criticism. They openly discussed the case and even play-acted the situation. However, this is unusual as the team had been formed for a short period of time.

The Cuban Revolution Essays -- essays research papers

The Cuban Revolution Mr. Barron Jason Rosenzweig  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   January 9, 1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Cuban Revolution many change occurred in Cuba. Cuba was once a corrupt dictatorship, now and for the past 36 years Castro has led a communist government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before Castro took over Batista, Batista ran a biossed economy for the rich. Officials took pay offs, keeping the majority of the peoples thoughts invisible. Protestors of Batista were murdered, and their body's were thrown in gutters. During these times the life for the rich was plentiful, they had more Cadillacs than any other city in the world, and the highest number of T.V. sets per capita out of all the Latin American countries . Many gambling casinos were also present. While life for the poor was plagued with unemployment, inadequate health care, and a high illiteracy rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castro's take over of the government, changed many ways of life in Cuba, most of which benefited the poor or the majority of the people. Education was improved for the poor, there are many times more schools and staff members to educate the young. Health care was improved, infant mortality rate has dropped from 60 to 11.1 which is comparable to industrialized nations.   &...

Macro ad/as model

Let us first understand the components of the AD/AS model, so we can determine and identify the factors which play a part in the level of output in the economy, and learn how the government intervenes in order to implement macro-policies in order to increase output, and the effects of these policies on the economy. The AD/AS model shows the combinations of both the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve.The aggregate demand curve shows the combinations of the price level and level of output at which both the money market and good market are in equilibrium, while the aggregate supply curve shows for each given price level the mount of out of output the firms are willing to supply. As mentioned in the 10th edition of macroeconomics by Mc Grawhill â€Å"the aggregate supply -aggregate demand model is the basic macroeconomic tool for studying output fluctuations† (Pg. 98, Macroeconomics, Rudiger Dornbush).Let us first understand the market equilibrium price of the p roduct and then identify and analyze how factors such as change in demand and supply, elasticity, separating and pooling equilibrium, market structure determine the price of a good or service. In free market, equilibrium price is the price at which there is no surplus or shortage nd therefore quantity demanded equals quantity supplied (Sloman 2008). At equilibrium, any change in quantity demanded or quantity supplied will move the market towards disequilibrium Let's work through an example.For this example, refer to . Notice that we begin at point A where short-run aggregate supply curve 1 meets the long-run aggregate supply curve and aggregate demand curve 1 . The point where the short-run aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve meet is always the short-run equilibrium. The point where the long-run aggregate supply urve and the aggregate demand curve meet is always the long-run equilibrium. Thus, we are in long-run equilibrium to begin. Now say that the Fed pursues ex pansionary monetary policy.In this case, the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right from aggregate demand curve 1 to aggregate demand curve 2. The intersection of short- run aggregate supply curve 1 and aggregate demand curve 2 has now shifted to the upper right from point A to point B. At point B, both output and the price level have increased. This is the new short-run equilibrium. But, as we move to the long run, the expected price level comes into line with the ctual price level as firms, producers, and workers adjust their expectations.When this occurs, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts along the aggregate demand curve until the long-run aggregate supply curve, the short-run aggregate supply curve, and the aggregate demand curve all intersect. This is represented by point C and is the new equilibrium where short-run aggregate supply curve 2 equals the long-run aggregate supply curve and aggregate demand curve 2. Thus, expansionary policy causes output and the pric e level to increase in the short run, but only the price level to increase in the long run